Autumn Tea

Wenshan Baozhong tea is a type of Oolong (or Qing) tea from the Taiwan region and is one of the most lightly oxidized fragrant Oolong teas, with an oxidation level of 8% to 12%. Due to its light baking and fermentation process, it exhibits a fresh and uplifting aroma, hence it's also known as "Qing Cha" or "Clear Tea." This tea is produced in the northern areas of Taipei City and New Taipei City, including Wenshan and Nangang in Taipei City, and Xindian, Pinglin, Shenkeng, Shiding, Pingxi, and Xizhi in New Taipei City. It has a history spanning over two hundred years. As a representative of northern Taiwan Oolong tea, Wenshan Baozhong is renowned alongside Dongding Oolong, enjoying the reputation of "North Wenshan, South Dongding." In 1869, Oolong tea from Taiwan was successfully exported to the United States by British merchant Tod and comprador Li Chunsheng. However, in 1873, due to poor sales, merchants sent unsold stocks of Oolong tea to Fuzhou where they were processed into fragrant Baozhong tea by adding floral scents, which unexpectedly received a positive response. In 1881, Fujianese tea merchant Wu Fuyuan (also known as Wu Fulao) crossed the sea to Taiwan and established the…

Tender buds fragrant and spirited, I say they're the finest of herbs. — "Tea Poem" by Zheng Ao The misty and drizzly Longhua, with its suitable temperature and humidity, and naturally selenium-rich soil, gives birth to Longhua tea. Longhua tea boasts a clear and bright broth, a pure aroma, and an exquisite sweetness that lingers on the palate. Development of Longhua Selenium-Rich Tea Longhua Town is 80 kilometers away from Pingshan County and covers an area of 181 square kilometers. Tea is the leading industry in Longhua Town, with a total tea garden area of 41,000 mu, of which nearly 37,000 mu are in full production. The majority of the tea gardens' soil is rich in minerals such as "selenium" and "strontium," hence it is also known as Longhua selenium-rich tea. Since 2023, following the requirements for high-quality development set forth by central, provincial, municipal, and county-level authorities, Longhua Town has vigorously developed its leading tea industry. By improving infrastructure, introducing high-quality tea seedlings, optimizing cultivation techniques, and strengthening scientific management, the town has established 500 mu of organic tea gardens in Baxianshan Village, 500 mu of selenium-rich tea demonstration bases in Renmin Village, and 400 mu of high-standard tea…

Can you tell the difference between spring, summer, and autumn teas? While tea can be harvested throughout the year from a technical standpoint, the quality of the final product varies greatly depending on the season. Spring tea is considered the best, followed by autumn tea, with summer tea ranking last. Spring Tea The first harvest of the year occurs during spring, typically between March and May. The moderate temperatures and ample rainfall during this season are ideal for the growth and nutrient accumulation in tea plants, resulting in high-quality tea. Spring tea is known for its fresh, sweet aroma and bright green liquor. Summer Tea: In the summer, higher temperatures accelerate the growth of tea plants, increasing their yield, but the quality is somewhat lower compared to spring. Summer tea tends to have a more bitter taste and a lighter flavor, although it still retains some fragrance and palatability. Autumn Tea: As the weather cools down in autumn, tea plants enter a dormant phase. The lower moisture content in the leaves contributes to a richer flavor and a stronger aftertaste with a heightened sweetness and aroma. Spring Tea vs. Autumn Tea Spring is the season of renewal. As temperatures rise…

In recent years, Duyun City has thoroughly implemented the important instructions of President Xi Jinping on "promoting the Duyun Maojian brand" and the concept of integrating tea culture, tea industry, and tea technology (the "three teas"). By focusing on Duyun Maojian as its core industry, the city has adopted a comprehensive approach that includes year-round harvesting, full utilization of the tea plant, and development of the entire industrial chain. This approach focuses on infrastructure construction, cultivation of market entities, marketing strategies, and brand promotion. As a result, sales and the reputation of Duyun Maojian tea have steadily increased each year. Strengthening Production Foundations and Enhancing Raw Materials Focusing on key tea-producing areas such as Tuan Mountain, Snail Shell Mountain, Doupeng Mountain, and Guilan Mountain, a total of 50,000 mu of tea gardens have been designated. The city has integrated efforts from various levels of government, enterprises, and farmers to rehabilitate neglected tea gardens, replant in aging tea gardens, and improve those already in production. A total of 71,600 mu of tea gardens have been managed, leading to a significant increase in tea yield year after year. Based on the principle of connecting points and maximizing service radius, 35 tea industry…

Countermeasures for Tea Gardens Affected by High Temperature and Heat StressDuring the height of summer, tea plants are susceptible to extreme weather conditions such as high temperatures and droughts, which can severely impact their normal growth, yield, and quality. Therefore, implementing measures to prevent and respond to droughts and heat stress in tea gardens is crucial to minimize economic losses. After tea plants suffer from drought, garden management should focus on the following: 1 Differentiate Levels of Drought Damage Caused by High Temperatures After a tea garden experiences high temperature and drought damage, it can generally be categorized into four levels: Light – some leaves gradually turn yellowish-green, develop brown spots, and slightly curl or deform; Moderate – most tender leaves (1-4 leaves) turn reddish-brown, curl, wilt, become scorched, and fall off, but the top buds (1 bud with 2 leaves) are not completely dead; Severe – old and young leaves scorch and fall off, resulting in bare branches, and many branches die, although the main trunk is not completely dead; Extreme – the root system dies, all leaves fall off, and the ground-level branches and main trunk wither, leading to the death of the entire plant. 2 Preventative Measures…

The Puer tea harvest season begins in March and continues through to November. Generally, the spring Puer tea is harvested from mid-March to early May. The harvesting of ancient tree spring tea usually starts at the end of March, with full-scale harvesting beginning in early to mid-April. The timing may vary slightly each year based on temperature conditions. Typically, the best time for fresh leaf picking is about half an hour after sunrise, ideally between 10:00 AM and 12:00 PM, to avoid issues related to high moisture content in the leaves that could affect the withering and processing. The optimal seasons for tea picking are spring, summer, and autumn. Specifically, spring tea is picked from March to late April; summer tea is harvested from May to June (with very limited Puer tea being picked during this period in Yunnan); and autumn tea is gathered in September and October. There is also a distinction between the dry and rainy seasons, with the dry season spring tea being particularly prized due to its robust character before the rains come. "Spring tip" tea is considered especially favored by nature, with the first spring buds sprouting from February to March. Any tea picked from…

As defined by its name, "Pu'er tea is made from Yunnan large-leaf sun-dried green tea sourced within the geographical indication protection area. It is processed using specific methods within this protected area, resulting in a tea with unique quality characteristics." Based on its processing method and quality features, Pu'er tea is divided into two types: Pu'er (raw tea) and Pu'er (ripe tea). Teas produced outside of the geographical indication cannot be called Pu'er tea. How to Identify the Quality of Pu'er Tea To identify the quality of Pu'er tea, it is mainly judged based on four points: tenderness, color, uniformity, and degree of expansion. If the leaves at the bottom of the Pu'er tea are soft and resilient when pinched between your fingers, they have good tenderness. If they are hard and do not spring back when released, it indicates that the leaf quality is old. High-quality Pu'er tea leaves will be very flat after being steeped in boiling water; low-quality Pu'er tea can only partially unfold and looks wrinkled and uneven. Good-quality Pu'er tea has lively leaves at the bottom and a thick, bright infusion. When opening a cake of Pu'er tea, the first thing we see is the…

Tea plants are leaf crops cultivated for the harvest of young leaves and buds. Spring tea is the season with the highest quality and most significant economic benefits in the annual tea production cycle. Currently, it is a critical period for implementing spring farming activities across the province. Promptly addressing spring tea production and implementing relevant tea garden management measures play a vital role in enhancing tea yield and quality, as well as increasing the economic benefits for tea farmers and tea enterprises. I. Early Application of Bud Stimulating Fertilizer The new shoots of tea plants in spring grow vigorously, at a rapid pace, and consume relatively large amounts of nutrients. The root system has strong absorption capabilities, and it is difficult to meet the growth needs solely relying on the base fertilizer applied in the previous autumn, which can result in a "disconnection" of soil nutrients in the tea garden. Studies have shown that applying bud stimulating fertilizers about 25 days before the emergence of tea buds not only helps increase spring tea yields (comparing tea gardens with and without spring fertilization, there is an overall increase of 10%-20% in the annual yield), but also plays a good role…

Summer and autumn are critical periods for tea garden management. Strengthening summer and autumn tea garden production management is the foundation for ensuring high-quality and high-yield summer and autumn tea and the following spring tea. The Planting Industry Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, the Expert Advisory Group for Tea of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the National Tea Industry Technology System, have developed the following technical guidance on summer and autumn tea garden production management and disaster prevention and mitigation. Strengthening Tea Garden Production Management (1) Tea Plant Pruning - For year-round harvesting tea gardens, promptly perform the initial light pruning after spring tea harvesting, cutting off the top 5-10 cm of shoots from the canopy. During summer tea harvesting, it is advisable to allow some growth retention and use the leaf-retention method or tip-picking method to maintain an appropriate leaf layer thickness. Harvesting should be appropriately stopped earlier in autumn to avoid affecting the yield and quality of the following year's spring tea. To cultivate a good picking surface, the second light pruning should be completed before mid-July, with the pruning height…

Today, I continue to discuss several issues to consider when choosing a tea for everyday consumption. In the previous issue, we covered five points to consider when selecting raw Pu'er tea. Now, let's continue and also cover the points to consider when choosing ripe Pu'er tea. The sixth point in selecting raw Pu'er tea is to try to avoid buying rainy season tea and instead opt for spring tea if possible, or autumn tea as an alternative. However, there is a difference in quality between spring and autumn teas, which can reflect in their prices, differing by 3 to 5 times. Rainy season tea has distinct characteristics: thin and long twigs, large inter-leaf spacing, thinner leaves, and larger leaf area compared to spring tea. Most of the leaves are opposite leaves. This might sound abstract, but with more observation and comparison of the leaf base, it's not hard to grasp these differences. The seventh point is to avoid teas where red twigs and red leaves make up more than 10% of the leaf base. Occasionally having a small number of red twigs and red leaves is normal. With these seven points, you should be able to select a high-quality and…

Whether Bingdao spring tea is better than autumn tea depends on personal preference for bitterness and astringency. The yields of spring and autumn harvests also differ. Spring tea, due to its shorter growth period, results in lower production from the tea plants, and thus, it generally commands a higher price. Conversely, autumn tea, which has a longer growth period, yields more, making it relatively less expensive. Characteristics of Bingdao Spring Tea Taste The uniqueness of Bingdao spring tea lies in its growing environment. Located near the Arctic Circle, Bingdao experiences cold climates, but it's precisely these extreme natural conditions that give the spring tea a fresher taste and a stronger aroma. In Bingdao, the picking and processing of spring tea are strictly regulated to ensure its quality and authentic taste. The taste of Bingdao spring tea is refreshingly pleasant, with a light sweetness upon entry into the mouth, leaving one feeling refreshed and invigorated. Its aroma is unique and captivating, embodying the freshness of spring and the vitality of life. This tea not only boasts an excellent flavor but also offers numerous health benefits. Regular consumption of Bingdao spring tea can help to invigorate the mind, reduce blood pressure and…

The winter protection and management of tea gardens is a key focus of tea garden management, critical for ensuring the yield, quality, and profitability of spring tea in the following year. To guide this year's winter protection and management of tea gardens, the Haiqing Town has developed technical guidance for winter protection and management of tea gardens in Qingdao Haiqing. I. New (Renewed) Tea Gardens (1) Select Cold-Resistant Varieties. Suitable cold-resistant varieties for planting in Haiqing Town include: Fuding Dabai, Huangshan Variety, Jiukeng Variety, Longjing Changye, Zhongcha 108, Longjing 43, Maolu, Jiukeng Early, Echa No.1, Bixiang Early, Yellow Rose, Jin Xuan, Pingyang Special Early, etc. When establishing a tea garden, try to use cold-resistant varieties as much as possible. (2) Select Suitable Tea Garden Sites. Choose sites that are sheltered from wind and face the sun, with a thick layer of soil, acidic soil (pH value 4.5–6.5), and have irrigation facilities. The soil texture should be loam, sandy loam, or light clay loam. (3) Create Windbreak Forests. Plant windbreak forests around the tea gardens, along roads, by ditches, on steep slopes, at the tops of hills, and in front of prevailing winds. Common tree species include: Chinese Arborvitae, Juniperus chinensis,…

The 14th Municipal Party Congress proposed systematically advancing the growth of the Liubao tea industry, aiming for its comprehensive output value to account for half of Guangxi's tea industry. From 2021 to 2023, the city's tea plantation area grew from less than 130,000 mu (approximately 86.7 square kilometers) to over 300,000 mu (approximately 200 square kilometers). Annual production of Liubao tea increased from about 20,000 tons to 35,000 tons, and the comprehensive output value rose from about 11 billion yuan to approximately 20 billion yuan. In the first half of this year, the city's ecological tea plantation area exceeded 400,000 mu (approximately 266.7 square kilometers) for the first time. There are nearly 500 tea cooperatives, with more than 310 administrative villages participating in the Liubao tea industry, benefiting around 240,000 villagers. "Wuzhou Liubao Tea" ranked 13th on the list of "Top 20 Regional Public Brands in Chinese Tea for 2024," with a brand value of 4.973 billion yuan, achieving its best historical ranking. The city continues to carry out intensive actions for the construction of ecological tea plantations. In the first half of this year, the city's ecological tea plantation area reached 409,500 mu. This image shows the scenic tea…

Currently, it is the perfect season for summer and autumn tea picking. The Qinxin Tea Garden in Minzhu Town, Panzhou City, is a lush green landscape that is pleasing to the eye. As gentle breezes pass by, the refreshing aroma of tea fills the air. Farmers are seen moving in groups among the tea bushes, picking the tea leaves swiftly. Wang Shuangguo, head of the Panzhou Qinxin Ecological Tea Plantation Farmer’s Professional Cooperative, stated that the company will rely on its naturally misty scenery and its thousand-acre contiguous tea plantation to build an integrated tea tourism base with the concept of “a garden in a secluded place, fragrant with tea.” The Qinxin Tea Garden, located at an altitude of over 2,000 meters and often shrouded in fog, was once unproductive for crops due to the challenging environment. However, such conditions are ideal for tea trees, and the tea produced here has an extraction rate of 43%, showcasing excellent quality. The development of the tea industry has addressed employment issues for some local residents. "Today, more than 30 people are weeding, and during peak times, nearly 600 people work here each day," Wang Shuangguo explained. To ensure the quality of the…

"Tea grown in the crevices of rocks not only contains rich organic matter but also essential trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and iron for the human body..." Mr. Yang in the live stream enthusiastically introduces this to netizens. Guodazhai Township, a place where the Yi and Bai ethnic groups reside, is located in the southwestern part of Fengqing County, over 80 kilometers away from the county center. It is a town with prominent karst topography, dotted with peculiar peaks and strange rock formations. The highest peak is Mount Wanming at an elevation of 2,905 meters. Here, winters are mild and summers are cool, with an average temperature of 16.5°C and annual precipitation of 1,506 millimeters. Fifteen rivers, including the Yalang River, Qiongying Stream, Yanfeng Mountain River, and Shuimuo River, as well as five reservoirs like Guodazhai Reservoir, Jinchangba Reservoir, and Ganlongtang Reservoir, together form the veins of this land. The Yalang River runs through the township, dividing its 11 villages into eastern and western regions. From the river valley to the mountainous areas, the land is suitable for tea cultivation. There are nearly 30,000 mu (approximately 2,000 hectares) of tea gardens in the township, producing almost 2,000 tons annually.…

In everyone's memory, raw pu'er is often bitter and astringent, with a strong and stimulating taste. Additionally, there are numerous tea mountains and various transformations over the years, which can make it difficult for newcomers to know how to choose. Many raw pu'er teas use blends of plantation teas, which have a heavy bitterness that lingers and an astringency that takes a long time to dissipate. High-quality raw pu'er teas tend to be very expensive and require ample experience in tasting and appreciation. Therefore, if you can start by drinking a light, sweet, and flavorful raw pu'er tea, it will surely make you fall in love with it and appreciate its charm easily! How to Choose Raw Pu'er Tea 1. First, examine the tea cake to see if it is spring tea. Spring tea usually has some yellow leaves on its surface. Look for "hoof marks." The buds and leaves of spring tea are slightly fatter than those of autumn tea. The texture of autumn tea appears smoother and longer but finer compared to spring tea, and autumn tea doesn't have yellow leaves; its surface looks clean. 2. Smell the tea cake. Good tea should have a dry aroma and…

According to forecasts from our city's meteorological station, from 14:00 on July 10 to 08:00 on July 11, the average precipitation in our city was 52.6 millimeters, with a maximum of 179.2 millimeters. Four towns and streets experienced heavy rainstorms (100–250 millimeters), 24 towns and streets experienced storms (50–100 millimeters), and 13 towns and streets experienced heavy rain (25–50 millimeters). Other towns and streets experienced moderate rain (10–25 millimeters). To effectively mitigate the impact of disastrous weather on tea gardens and tea production and stabilize summer and autumn tea production, the following technical guidance is proposed. I. Strengthen Patrols and Preventive Measures in Tea Gardens The flood season has arrived, and strong winds and heavy rains may occur at any time. We should closely monitor weather forecasts. Before heavy rains, strengthen patrols of tea gardens and reinforce greenhouses and other production facilities. Check and dredge drainage ditches in advance; dig drainage trenches where necessary, especially in low-lying or high groundwater areas, where trenches should be at least one meter deep. Move tea, production materials, and equipment from low-lying areas as a precaution against heavy rains. II. Promptly Drain Flooded Tea Gardens After heavy rains, organize labor to drain water from…

The golden autumn season sees lush tea mountains, as tea gardens enter the autumn harvest period. In the fragrant tea gardens, tea farmers are seizing good weather to pick tea leaves. As autumn gives way to winter, while busy with harvesting, it is also important to focus on winter management of tea gardens to help the tea trees comfortably "survive the winter." Due to the compounded effects of drought and the pandemic, winter management has started earlier this year, with higher technical requirements and more meticulous fertilization management. Local areas should conduct targeted pruning of tea tree canopies, fertilization management, and pest control based on the impact of drought in their respective tea gardens. They should also prepare the necessary materials for winter management. Good tea comes from good cultivation and good management. Winter management of tea gardens is a crucial technical measure for increasing the yield and quality of tea next year, reducing pest and weed damage to tea trees, and enhancing the overall efficiency of tea gardens. To implement scientific tea cultivation, one must understand the growth characteristics of tea trees. The cessation of sprouting in tea trees marks a key timepoint for winter management of tea gardens.…

The Silver Needle White Tea is made from the plump buds of the large-leaf white tea plant. The buds are covered in white down, have a color like silver, and a shape resembling a needle; they have a fresh aroma with a distinct downy scent and a taste that is harmonious, refreshing, and sweet. The infusion is bright and pale apricot in color. When steeped in a cup, the tea buds slowly sink to the bottom, unfurling upright as if they were slender silver needles or pointed bamboo shoots, creating a remarkable sight. It has a fresh downy aroma and a sweet and mellow flavor, making it a high-quality tea. Silver Needle White Tea is known for its ability to improve eyesight and reduce internal heat, and can treat severe cases of heat. Because it requires specific tea plant varieties and processing techniques, its annual production is very low. Therefore, it is a rare treasure among white teas. Throughout the year, nature undergoes cyclical changes: spring sprouting, summer growth, autumn harvest, and winter dormancy. As seasons change, natural environments, temperatures, and human physiological functions also alter. To better preserve health and ensure physical and mental well-being, choosing suitable teas and…

The Longtang Town is one of the primary tea-producing towns in Shiqian County. Currently, two large tea processing plants in the area are meeting market demands by operating at full capacity to process bulk teas, ensuring that the tea products are of high quality and quantity when they hit the market, injecting strong momentum into the local tea industry. In the Guizhou Xianghua Ecological Tea Factory located in Dashan Village, Longtang Town, the air is filled with the aroma of tea. Modern processing equipment is running at high speed, while workers skillfully operate the machines on the production line. Fresh tea leaves go through multiple processes to become high-quality finished tea, awaiting packaging for sale. In the tea gardens, tea farmers are busy picking fresh tea leaves, presenting a bustling scene. Rao Guangfei, the factory manager of Guizhou Xianghua Ecological Tea Co., Ltd., said, "The overall performance of our bulk tea this year has been quite good. We have already produced over 100,000 pounds of dried tea. The harvest season is not yet over, and we expect to reach 150,000 pounds after the harvest ends. Therefore, I remain confident in the development of bulk tea. Moving forward, we plan to…

After the rain, new buds sprout.Currently, it is the period of vigorous growth for new shoots on tea trees. Walking into the vast tea mountains in Guiting Town, Guiting County, tea farmers are scattered throughout the tea gardens picking tea leaves to supply summer and autumn tea production. Tea farmers from Niaowang Village, Guiting Town, Guiting County, picking fresh tea leaves in an ecological tea garden "Today is sunny, perfect weather for picking tea." On the morning of July 31st, Villager Lei Bangxiu from Niaowang Village, Guiting Town, and her granddaughter arrived at their family’s tea garden with baskets on their backs. They moved their hands swiftly among the tea bushes, quickly gathering a handful of fresh tea buds. "I’m old now, so I can only pick about two pounds of tea leaves a day," said Lei Bangxiu with a bright smile as she looked over at the nearby tea garden, adding, "My granddaughter can pick more than four pounds!" Residents of Niaowang Village, Guiting County, are delighted with their fresh tea leaf harvest. Taking advantage of the summer break, Lei Bangxiu's granddaughter Jin Lan came to help pick tea in the garden. "I started picking tea in the garden…

Ming-Qian tea refers to the tea harvested before the Qingming Festival. It is less affected by pests, with tender buds and leaves that are bright green in color, delicate in fragrance, mellow in taste, and beautiful in form, making it a premium quality tea. At the same time, since the temperature is generally lower before Qingming, the number of sprouts is limited, and their growth rate is slow, very little of it reaches the standards for picking, hence the saying "Ming-Qian tea is as precious as gold." Ming-Qian tea refers to the tea harvested before the Qingming Festival. It is less affected by pests, with tender buds and leaves that are bright green in color, delicate in fragrance, mellow in taste, and beautiful in form, making it a premium quality tea. At the same time, since the temperature is generally lower before Qingming, the number of sprouts is limited, and their growth rate is slow, very little of it reaches the standards for picking, hence the saying "Ming-Qian tea is as precious as gold." Characteristics of Ming-Qian Spring Tea Ming-Qian tea (spring tea) is better than summer or autumn tea. Due to the moderate spring temperatures and ample rainfall, along…

During the spring warming period, cold air often invades, causing a significant drop in temperature. This weather, characterized by warmth before and cold after, is known as late spring cold. Late spring cold generally refers to prolonged periods of low temperatures and overcast rainy weather after the Vernal Equinox, specifically when the temperatures in late March or early April are lower than average. Depending on the timing, it can be further divided into "Vernal Equinox Cold" and "Qingming Cold." "Vernal Equinox Cold" occurs when the daily average temperature remains below 10°C for five days or more, with less than three hours of sunshine, from March 15 to March 27. "Qingming Cold" refers to low-temperature and rainy weather from March 28 to April 10. The Harm of Late Spring Cold to Tea Plants: In addition to variety, soil, fertilization, management, and processing skills, the production of high-quality tea also depends on climatic conditions. The relationship between tea production and temperature, sunlight, and rainfall is close. When the daily average temperature remains above 10°C for three consecutive days, tea buds begin to sprout and unfurl; once the temperature stabilizes above 10°C, the growth of buds and leaves accelerates, and new shoots emerge.…

Pu'er tea is primarily divided into raw and ripe varieties. How do you choose an affordable yet delicious raw Pu'er tea? How to Select Raw Pu'er Tea? 1. Start by examining the tea cake. Look for signs that it's spring tea, which usually has some yellowish leaves on its surface. Check for "hoof prints," as spring tea buds and leaves are slightly fatter than those of autumn tea. The texture of autumn tea appears smoother and more linear compared to spring tea, with longer and finer strands. Autumn tea doesn't have yellowish leaves and looks very clean. 2. Smell the tea cake. Good tea should have a dry aroma and no off odors. If there are any unusual smells, immediately discuss this with the seller to determine the cause. Be cautious when tasting the tea later. 3. After rinsing the tea, pay attention to the clarity of the infusion in the teapot. A good infusion should be very clear, with a light yellow color for new teas. 4. When tasting, judge your initial impression. If the tea is very astringent, see if there is a subsequent production of saliva that mitigates the astringency. If, after swallowing the tea and then…